Sunday, March 30, 2008

PROCESS OF MAKING GLASS (Task 3, Revision)

As an engineer, the way of our thinking must based on the why and how questions. If we imagine a bottle and plate glass and think as an engineer does, so why they are made is the question that most people can answer, but how the bottle and plate glass are made?. Do you can answer that ?. Then let’s see how.

The process of making bottle and plate glass isn't as simple as you use them. A bottle and plate glass made from some materials, only the shape makes them looks different. Glass is combinations of some materials such as sand, sode, limestone and a few of chemical materials (fixed alkalies or a metallic oxide). First, they mixed together in a furnace. Second, they heated in high temperature to make the particle united . The result of these is white sand. Third, the sand is heated again in high temperature in the furnace. While still molten, the sand is formed like bottle or plate. Fourth is the step to shape the molten sand. For having shape like a bottle, the molten sand is placed in removal mould. The process also in the high temperature. Then, it is cooled in the air in the normal temperature and removed from the removal mound. Next, to have a plate glass, we need more process. The sand must be heated again and mixed again with some chemical materials in their proportions. The process is happened in furnace. After that, these materials is flattened and cooled by rollers. Finally, they are ready to be sold.

How to make a glass

In this century, the existence of glass is undeniable. Glass is everywhere in many forms as a bottle, window, mirror, etc. Nevertheless, do you know how to make a glass? Traditionally It’s quite simple and generally it’s merely consisted of three main steps : chemistry reaction, molding, and finishing. Firstly, primary materials of glass, such as sand, flint, spar, or some other siliceous substances (white sand) with one or other of the fixed alkalies (soda), and in some cases with a metallic oxide, mixed and kept in a storage furnace. Litharge (kind of lead preparation) as metallic oxide usually used but iron is preferred in bottle-glass. This materials must be reduced to powder before heating (For this purpose we can use mortars or by horse mill) and it sent to the calcining furnace for stirring and and then glass furnace with temperature controller for heating (5 or 6 hours) in 17000 C. As the result is called frit as the best form to make a glass. To purify this coarse matter we can use flux such as lead, borax (for the best looking-glasses), arsenic, nitre, or any alkaline matter. Flux will bind the waste or unwanted substances.

Second step is molding. After cooling down, the compound is being removed through the pipes. This pipes are separated into two flows, one directed to a temporary storage to make the plate glass and the other one is directed to a removable mold to make the bottle glass. In the first flow, there is a rolling pin system, which is compound move below it, with flat mold for pressing the frit (glass compound) and make it into thin and flat form. The second flow is different. To make a bottle glass, the removable mold is filled by glass compound and then it blown to make bottle shape that we want. It’s blown until the compound is robust and hard.

Finally, the flat glass and the bottle glass are manipulated with additional process such as coloring, carving, decorating, etc. Those processes are depend to the function of the glass and of course to the costumer’s demand. Now they are finished and ready to used.



The LASIK Methods (Task 2, Revision)

Every one expects to have normal eyes without any physical or functional disorder. That’s why LASIK methods is developed. LASIK is the answer for every one who wanted to have normal eyes for seeing. LASIK stands for Laser Assisted In-Situ Keratomileusis. From U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), LASIK is a surgical procedure intended to reduce a person's dependency on glasses or contact lenses. LASIK can reduce the eyes disorders such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. By using safely an exciter laser, LASIK alter the shape of cornea to become correct one. The patients don’t have to be afraid because there is less pain in LASIK methods. The patients also don’t have to spend a lot of time, because LASIK procedure only spends 10 until 15 minutes. LASIK has been applied in many countries since 1968. Many people have proved the benefit of the methods. Although LASIK isn’t a new development in medical, it still has high risks. For some people, LASIK methods can’t become the best solution, it might cause blindness. The fault in focusing the laser to the cornea flaps can be dangerous problem.

Bandung, The Fashion City (Task 1)

If you love shopping and hunting some unique clothes, just try to visit my hometown, Bandung. I guarantee that you never regret. It is a place called heaven from some people. You can find many lovely and nice clothes here. Many places of shopping are spread out in entire of city. Start from the chepaest one in Gede Bage until the most expensive elegant one in some boutiques.

Called Paris Van Java, Bandung has changed its look with some touch of fashion. Like Paris, Bandung become a center of fashion product and also a place for developing of fashion mode. As a fashion city, the people’s consumption of clothes is so high. So for this condition, many factory outlet (FO) and distribution outlet (distro) mushrooming in whole area of Bandung. As an additional, a lot of new malls are also built to pleasure the people’s needs in fashion. No wonder of those reasons, many people come to Bandung on weekend with purpose of shopping. That’s way I really proud of my hometown because Bandung is the real “Paris” in Java island.

(Task THREE) The Process of making Glasses

It is quite complicated process in making glass. First, The tinny crystal like stone, that usually we call sand and the main composition in this process, is mixed with soda and lime stone. Inside the furnace, the mixture is set on the fire in a very high temperature, about 1700oC. The solid mixture will turn out to be liquid dough that run out through a pipe and divided into two branches for the second step, the shaping process.

There are two major shapes of glasses, the plate shape and the bottle shape. For making the bottle glass, the mixture that has been heated is poured into the removable mould. While filling the mixture into the mould, the air is blown in order to get the size and shape that we want to. Afterwards, we let it cooled down.

Other shape, the plate glass, has different way of shaping process. The dough from the first step is run toward a temporary container. From the temporary container the glass dough is formed into the plate glass by sliding it below the roller machine. The pressures from the rollers will make the flat shape of the glass.

The final step is by decorating the formed glasses by coloring or by drawing them for different purposes.

(Task TWO) The meaning of Family to me

When I was in elementary school, I learned that the family is a group of people that consist of a father, a mother, and a child or children. Generally, that is right. But to me, family not only parents and their children, family can be your friends of your best friends, can be you boy or girl friend, can be your school, can be the organization that you join in, or some one else that you care about. The important one, family is where you feel loved, comfortable, and when you feel that you are at home even though your real parents are not around.

This college can be you home and your family, if you want to. The lectures can be your parents. Friends, can be your brothers or your sisters. The staff officer can be your aunt and your uncle. That is all possible if you can share your affection, you can share the warmth, you can create the togetherness, you can understand and respect each other, and you can show them the kindness of your heart. Because, the basic of the family is not who are the member is, but how you treat the other people as a part of your family. So that, they will welcome you in their heart and you can grow up to be a better person by learning and experiencing living with them. In that way, I can say, you are at home with your family.

Task One (edit) Find out what you can get in Palembang

Palembang. When you hear of my home town's name, you might think about two popular things that originated from this city. Musi River and Pempek. Those two things always be the most wanted object by the tourist if they come to Palembang. So the question is, why those two things can be the most wanted item from this city? Well, you will find out soon.

The Musi River is one of the longest river in Sumatera that so important for the economic cycle in Palembang. Lots of people make money from this river. They open the float restaurant that can be found along the river bank, rent the boats for the tourists who want to enjoy the sight of the river, and so on. It is also a main track of transportation for the big Ship that brings the mounts of coals, livestock, rice, woods from and to Palembang. This river has been a key of transportation for the city since the age of the Sriwijaya Kingdom. It was the biggest harbor for the International trading across Asia, then. Besides, Musi River was also a source of the gold that enriches the people living along the river bank. For this all facts, Musi River kept being maintained and developed by the government as one of the crucial income source for the city.

Second one is the traditional food with the amazing flavor, Pempek. Pempek, which made from grounded fish, actually originated from the Chinese trader living in the boat for months and may be years in the time when Sriwijaya had its glory. By the time, people begin to be accustomed of consuming it and afterwards, Pempek starts being a kind of main food, beside rice, for the people in Palembang. Pempek has different kind of shape and taste. The most popular one is what we call "Pempek Kapal Selam". It does not look like the actual submarine at all, though. It just has a simple shape of a half ball, with the egg inside. We eat pempek with a special sauce that we call "Cuka". The distinctive flavor of “cuka” and also the unique taste of Pempek, make this food not only become popular in Palembang, but also had been known well almost across Indonesia.

The Way Of Making Glass

Firstly, the powder of materials which are sand (usually silica), soda, and limestone are melted and heated in a furnace with a high temperature, usually over 1500 celcius. The purpose of heating is to make the material both mix and robust. After the mixture are cooled down, we can form them into two major kind of glass, plate glass and bottle glass. Plate glass is formed by pressed the mixture onto a flat moulds. The mould machine is move up and down, while the mixture is placed on the roller that move below it. While bottle glass is made by filling the mixture onto a bottle-shape moulds. The air is needed in this proccess to expand the mixture becomes the shape and the size we want. Finally, the glass are smoothed and colored.



Rainbow

Rainbows are optical phenomena when sunlight spread out into its spectrum of colors and diverted to the eye of the observer by water droplets. It can be caused by other forms of water than rain, including mist, spray, dew, fog, and ice. Moreover, rainbows can have shapes other than a bow (arc), including stripes, circles, or even flames.
The coloured rays of the rainbow are caused by the refraction and internal reflection of light when it enters the water drops, then reflected from the drop's opposite side, and refracted again as it leaves the drop and passes to the observer's eye. Each colour being bent through a slightly different angle depend on its wavelength. The red color has the longest wavelength and reflected with the wider angle, so it appears in the outside layer on the arc.The colours of the arc (from outside to inside) are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

Saturday, March 29, 2008

HOW GLASS IS MADE (task2_revision)

HOW GLASS IS MADE
In making glass, the long term and quite difficult processes are required. Glass is made by melting together some minerals at very high temperatures. Sand, as the main ingredient, must be combined with soda and limestone. They are melted in a furnace at temperatures of 1700o C. After that, the compound becomes molten form and it is being removed through the pipes which have two branches. One branch is directed to a removable mould to make the bottle glass and the other one is directed to a big temporary container before the molten glass is pressed to make the plate glass. While making the bottle glass, molten glass is placed in a removable mould. Then, the air was blown through the pipe into the glass. We have to blow it to the size and shape determined by the mould. The partly finished bottle, is withdrawn from the mould, then heated to make it solid and hard. The last process of heating is also done in the process of making the plate glass. Finally, we can do some additional processes, like colouring, polishing, drawing, etc, to make different kind of bottle for many purposes.

The Silent Theater "Ondel-Ondel"


Almost all of Jakarta’s people know or at least ever heard about “ondel-ondel”, but there isn’t a little of non-Jakarta people who don’t know exactly what is “ondel-ondel”. Ondel-ondel is a native art of Jakarta that comes from Betawi ethnic group, the native inhabitant of jakarta. It made from bamboo and specially formed so it’s easy to lift from inside, has a measurement of 2 x 3 m2 with ± 80 cm radius, and decorated well so it looks like a Betawi’s handsome man or a betawi’s pretty woman. Face of Ondel-ondel is a red mask (male) or white mask (female), and its hair is made from palm fiber. Ondel-ondel is played by one person inside, so the big ondel-ondel may looks alive when dancing with special betawi’s music which is consisted of “tanjidor” (kind of trumpet) and “gendang” (kind of percussion).

In history, Ondel-ondels were firstly used to represent betawi’s ancestors that loyally protected their offspring or the villagers. Villagers believed that ondel-ondel was an amulet and preventing from wandering wicked ghost.

Nowadays, ondel-ondel is commonly used to adorn a party or to welcome honored guest, for example in the opening of a new building that just has been finished. Besides that, ondel-ondel is also commonly used to pimp Jakarta, especially in Jakarta’s anniversary, June 22th. All Main streets, hotels, and the center of city decorated with ondel-ondel, even there is an 6 m height of ondel-ondel at town square.

Jakarta fair, an event that consisted of exhibition and bazaar that only exists in Jakarta’s anniversary always decorated of Ondel-ondel, even ondel-ondel not only be decoration but also played here. Ondel-ondel becomes a special attractive thing in this event.


The Making Process of Glass

The making process of glass consists of several steps. First, the materials, which are sand, flint, spar, and some other silicious substances, with one or other of the fixed alkalies, have to be transformed into powder. Second, these materials are to be melted together in a calcining furnace at temperatures of 1700° C. While being heat, these materials have to be stirred. The materials, which are taken out from this process, are called frit. Frit can be easily transformed into glass by vitrifying it in a pot. It requires a small amount of flux to produce a fine glass. The flux can correct the false that was made by the heating pot. Until the glass is perfectly melted, the heat must be maintained stable. When the glass is still molten, it can be manipulated into any kind of shape you wish for. Third, is to form the glass into a certain shape. To make a bottle, the glass can be put into a removable mould and blown up. The glass will be cool and hardened by the air. On the other hand, to make a plate, the glass will be sent into a pressing machine, which will press the glass and shape it into a certain form. In the end, the glass can be manipulated in order to satisfy the consumer’s demands. It can be engraved, colored, and decorated by some kind of materials.

Friday, March 28, 2008

tugas 2 Pandu Kuntoaji iPhone

iPhone

In the world of cellphone industry which treats design as an afterthought, iPhone would be an oasis for those who consider cellphone as an important icon that reflects their lifestyle. IPhone, with its appealing design, is a cellphone that is developed and marketed by Apple-the company which once brought the widely known “iPod” into the world-. A brief look to the casing will already assure us of the reflected quality by its elegant glass-and-stainless-steel material. Furthermore, the feature beneath its outer shell is as stunning as the casing itself. It combines the cutting-edge Mac OS X with cool touch-screen control. What's more, it has many cute finishing touches. For example, look what happens when you put iPhone into "airplane" mode. A small orange airplane zooms into the menu bar! Nonsense, you might say. But a little yet unique feature like that is what makes iPhone a distinguished gadget from the others. Making other phones with sophisticated feature looks shabby. However, there are still plenty of feature that Apple needs to improve such as inavailibility of 3G, 2.0 Megapixel camera-its competitors have used 3.2 Megapixel one-, and many more. But those flaws don't prevent iPhone from becoming the most valuable gadget - at least for now.


Pandu Kuntoaji/13407021/academic writing

Television, is it important? (TASK 4)

In 21st century there are a lot of new innovation of technology, one of that is a television. But, have you thought about the effect of television to your family and social life? Television is dangerous because it destroys family life and any sense of community; instead of visiting people or talking with our family we just watch television.

Many years before television enters every house in the world, there are many families prefer spending their time to talk each other and having an evening walk to just sitting and relaxing with watching at their television. But now everything has changed, in big cities, television has became a vital part of people life, they can sit for hours just for watching their favourite programs than for having a time to get closer with their family, their friends and their communities. It's such a big problem we have to solve together.

Some people think that with having a television in their livingroom, they can spend their time together watching their favourite program and have a short talk each other between the advertisement section. They think that it is better than reading a novel lonely in their bedroom or going out everynight with their gank.

But the fact proved that having a television doesn't make you closer with your family, it just makes you sit together without having any chats. Every member of the family busy with the film and focus his/her mind to the program he/she watched. Some families, indeed, have more than one television in their house (most of them have one television for each of them) just for satisfying their desire of watching their favourite program whether they do not have one choice.

It is not bad to have a television in your livingroom, but you must be careful of its effect to your life, furthermore to your family an social life. Give more attention if you have spent most of your time watching the television, it's a signal that the television has poisoned your mind and slowly but sure you'll become farther and farther from your communities.

Thursday, March 27, 2008

My Hometown : Two Major Problems In Jakarta

Jakarta is my hometown which has two major problems these years. The two most threatening problems are flood and traffic jam. Flood comes every year, drowns some part of the city, and creates a big loss. The other one is traffic jam which prolongs the amount of time people need to go to other places and produces a lot of polution.

Flood caused a lot of problems for people in Jakarta. At least 20 citizens died and more than 340.000 citizens lost their houses. Some whose house has been drowned by flood has to move to higher place to save their lives. Electricity flows disturbed and roads in parts of Jakarta was drowned, causing it to be unactive. These results are threat for lots of people, causing flood to be one of the biggest problem in Jakarta.

Traffic jam is the other cause of problems in Jakarta. A lot of people’s activites has to be postponed because of the traffic which causes people to spend more time at their journey. This problem also affects people to widened roads that causes another problem, loss of water precipitation area. Vehicles that are stucked in traffic produce a lot of pollution, which cause the air to be polluted. These are the reasons why traffic jam causes problems in Jakarta.

Task Three: How to be the Real Hero of ITB

Task 1 My Hometown: Bandung is not an Educated City

Bandung is not an Educated City

While we enjoy the education on ITB, On Jalan Merdeka many child don’t go to school and become a beggar. While we burn a tungsam in Basic Physic laboratory, a little girl burn a cigarette and smoking together with her little friends on stasion hall. While we sit gently on the class with air conditioner (some were sleeping), studying about air pollution, A lot of poor child study about bad effect of air pollution for their lung not in their class. They study it on the street by experience it by their self. They taste the smell of the smok. And then they learn how pollution can make them so hard to undertand the lesson. Because their brain Is poisoned. Is that right if we say Bandung is an education city only because of one ITB or one UNPAD. While there was a thousand child cannot go to school? Is that enough to prove that Bandung is an educated city while the educated people not even care about the education for the poor people. I don’t think so. Because the real education teach us about love and care. Because the real education does not make us an individualist person. Does ITB teach us about that? So, how can we say that Bandung is an educated City?

Wednesday, March 26, 2008

Auroras
Auroras are natural colored lights displays, which are usually observed in the night sky particularly in the polar zone. Auroras are caused by the collision charged particle from Earth’s magnetosphere with molecules of Earth’s upper atmosphere. That collision produce energy, which is transformed to be lights in the sky. It is so colorful, they are green, red, blue, and violet. Green and red are from the emission of atomic oxygen, meanwhile, blue and violet are produced from nitrogen ion.
Some scientist call auroras as “polar auroras”. In the north latitude, It is known as the Aurora Borealis, named after the Roman Goddess of dawn. Beside that, Aurora is the Greek name for north wind. The Aurora Borealis most often occurs from September to October and from March to April. So, If you want to see the beautiful phenomena of the world, just come to the North Pole on that period of time.

Tuesday, March 25, 2008

tugas1. hometown

Bekasi, as crowded as Jakarta

As a suburban area, Bekasi is becoming more crowded. This is signed by the traffic jams that happens in every part of Bekasi. Not to mention the number of housing complexes in Bekasi that keeps growing and mushrooming. This condition leads to what we call congestion.

One of the reasons why Bekasi is so crowded is Bekasi is filled with commuters. Commuter is a person who travel between his / her home and workplace. In this case, the home is in Bekasi and the workplace is in Jakarta. These commuters go to their workplace every morning and go home in the afternoon. That’s why at this certain time, Bekasi becomes congested. Since the number of the commuters keeps increasing, their needs of housing in Bekasi are also increasing. That makes Bekasi even more crowded.

perbaikan

Glassware Manufacture


Making glass isn't easy as we consider. Traditionally, it begins

with mixing sand (silica) and catalyst soda, decreasing the melting point of silica as raw material in right proportion. Next, the mixture is put in the furnace in order to melt it and become molten mixture. Next, the molten mixture is moved along iron pipes. For the next step, we can choose to make either bottle or plate.

For making plate, the process is continued by sending the molten mixture to pool. After that, it is flown to automatic press machine. This incredible machine will pressed it roughly to make a great shape and unique pattern.

Making bottle glass is more complicated than plate. Using their mouth, the glass workers blow air with pipe that make molten glass expanded like a basket ball. Carefull! Place it in the dyes of desired size and shape before becoming cool. Thus, the glass is formed correctly as we want.

Both of making plate and bottle have the same ending process. the raw glassware must be heated using a conveyor belt. As the result, the glassware becomes solid and hard. In the end, These glasses will be smoothened. Specifically, their edges are going to be cut through burnishing. Before sent for being sold, polishing, colouring, coating and drawing of various design are optional for beautifying these things.

Monday, March 24, 2008

Jakarta's Monas - task 1

One of Jakarta’s historical site is Monumen Nasional or Monas. Monas was built during the Soekarno’s rezime in 1959. The construction took years to finish and finally completed during Soeharto’s rezime in 1975. It was designed by Soedarsono and Frederich Silaban as the architects and constructed under the supervision of Ir. Rooseno. Basically, the monument was built to commemorate the struggles of our country for its independence. Also it was meant to preserve patriotisms among the people.

Monas is 137 metres high with a very unique design. The obelisk which dilates downwards the square-shaped base was inspired by the Lingga-Yoni, a symbol of fertility in ancient Hindu-Javanese belief. At its top would be a sort of flaming torch in enormous size made of 14.5 tons of bronze which is covered by pure gold up to 35 kilograms as a symbol of the success the Indonesians seized in declaring their independence.

Thanks

Dear All,
Thanks for posting.
Looking forward to reading your essays.

Task 3 Process

Glassware Manufacture


Making glass isn't easy as we consider. Traditional methods of it begins with mixing sand (silica) and catalist soda,decreasing the melting point of silica as raw material in right proportion. Next, the mixture is put in the furnace in order to melt it and become molten mixture. Next, the molten mixture is moved along iron pipes. For the next step, we can choose to make either bottle or plate.
For making plate, the process is continued by sending the molten mixture to pool. After that, it is flown to automatic press machine. This incredible machine will pressed it hardly to make a great shape and unique pattern.
Making bottle glass is more complicated than plate. Using their mouth, the glass workers blow air with pipe that make molten glass expanded like a basket ball. Carefull! Placed it in the dyes of desired size and shape before becoming cool. Thus, the glass is formed correctly as we want.
Both of making plate and bottle have the same ending process. the raw glassware must be heated using a conveyor belt. As the result, the glassware becomes solid and hard. In the end, These glasswares will be smoothened. Specifically, their edges are going to be cut through burnishing. Before sent for being sold, polishing, colouring, coating and drawing of various design are optional for beautifying these things.

Sunday, March 23, 2008

TASK 1 : Bandung, my hometown

There are two main things that make me don't really like Bandung nowadays. First, about the climate, which is getting hotter and hotter everyday. When Pasupati was being built, lots of trees were cut down and that has made Bandung becomes less cooler than before. The number of car which is being used by people is also much bigger than it was in the good old days, and as we know, the emission gas from cars (such as carbon monoxide) also have a contribution in changing the climate.
The second one is about the traffic. Since there's a lot of factory outlets and malls, Bandung's traffic has become very annoying. Especially on weekends and holidays, people from other cities (especially Jakarta) come to Bandung and spend their time in the factory outlets and malls, which means that their cars make traffic jams in almost all vital roads in Bandung!

Task 3 : How to make a glass?

The making of glass

The process of making a glass is not too difficult to imagine. Just follow the step. The materials for making glass, such as sand, soda, and limestone must first be reduced to powder. Then, we put that materials into the furnace machine. In that place, the materials will be heated for about five or six hours and being frequently stirred about during the process. When taken out, the matter is called frit and pounded become a molten matter. Afterward, the molten matter is converted in the next process. There will be two ways when the matter is being processed. One is converted the matter into a bottle glass in a removable mould and the other is converted into a plate glass through the rollers.

Task 2 : Electric Guitar

Electric guitars



Nowadays electric guitar is being popular in the world of music. But what is it exactly? Basically, electric guitar is a kind of guitar that has six string and use electrical energy. Electric guitars can have solid, semi-hollow, or hollow bodies, and produce little sound without amplification. One of the main part from electric guitar is pickup. Pickup is part of the guitar that located below right hand playing area. 'Electromagnetic pickup' convert the vibration of strings into electrical signals and send it to the amplifier through a cable. There are two main type of pickup, single and double, each of which can be passive or active. Some electric guitar models feature Piezoelectric pickups, which function for switching into acoustic sound. Other important part is fretboard. Of course, this fretboard determine how nice the sound and the melody can be produced too. With this kind of fretboard make electric guitar has a lot of techniques that we can play differently from other kind of guitar. In the growing of music industry, electric guitar has a lot of unique models. It is seven string guitar, eight string guitar, twelve string guitar, double neck guitar, etc. Electric guitar is used in jazz, blues, and rock and roll, and was commercialized by Gibson in collaboration with Les Paul, and independently by Leo Fender of Fender Music.

Way to Make Glass-Task 3-revision

In the making of glass, a very high temperature (over 2300 C) needs to be reached because of the pure silica melting point. This is why additional components are added to simplify the process. In this case, the additional components are soda and limestone. Soda and limestone could lower the melting point temperature to about 1500 C. These components are mixed in a furnace. In the furnace, the mixture is heated until it reaches the melting point temperature. After it is fully mixed and melted, the molten mixture is transferred using a pipe. The pipe has two branches. The first one is used to transfer the molten mixture to a temporary container. Then, this mixture is transferred into the rollers where it is pressed until it forms the shape of plate glass. The second pipe branch transfers the molten mixture into a removable mould. Here, the molten mixture will be shaped into a bottle glass by blowing air into the removable mould until the mixture form the shape that we wanted. The plate and bottle glass have to be reheated to make them solid and hard. The glass is now ready to be used.

Chocolate-Task 2-Revision

Chocolate is a kind of food which is made from roasted ground cacao seeds. Pure chocolate contains primarily cocoa solids and cocoa butter in various proportions. Nowadays, it's hard to find pure chocolate. Most of the chocolate sold in the market is the sweetened variant. This variant is the kind of chocolate which is combined with sugar. Sometimes, chocolate also additionally contains milk. This kind of chocolate is called milk chocolate. There is also other chocolate variant, white chocolate. White chocolate only contains cocoa butter, sugar, and milk. It doesn't contain cocoa solids, this is why white chocolate doesn't qualify to be considered true chocolate. 

Saturday, March 22, 2008

Eraser-2nd task

Eraser is one of the important stationery that we usually use. According to the Wikipedia, an eraser or rubber is an article of stationery that is used for removing pencil and sometimes pen writings. Before eraser was found, white bread was used to erase the mark of graphite pencil and charcoal. This method is still sometimes used by modern charcoal artists. Now, we find eraser in the opposite end of pencil that we write with. Sometimes, pulverized pumice is blended into this type of eraser to make it abrasive. It is good for most erasing purposes, though it tends to smear and can damage the paper if used too heavily. It leaves eraser residue that must be brushed away. Some erasers do not erase well because they lack the flexibility to clear the paper of the pencil markings.

My Hometown-1st task

Nothing’s special in my hometown, Serpong. Even, maybe a lot of people don’t know where it is. Serpong is just a little area outside Jakarta, about 35 km from West Jakarta. It hasn’t any special food neither unique culture as many other town that can make people interest to visit. It does neither have any special places that can be visited.

But, it is used to be because now much area development had realized in my hometown. Now, Serpong has a train station with double track, to Jakarta and Merak, which make people have free access to go anywhere. Just now, Ocean Park, which is the greatest theme water park in Southeast Asia, is built in my hometown. Serpong has Swiss German University too, which is one of the international colleges. Now, my hometown is a very special town that is still under developing.

Thursday, March 20, 2008

The Way of Making a Glass - task 3

In modern glass factories, there are three important sectors deal with the making of a glass, the batch house, the hot end, and the cold end. In the batch house, primary composition of glass, such as sand, soda ash, limestone, feldspar, etc are put together, mixed and kept in storage silos. After that, these mixtures are sent to the furnace. The process using furnace is commonly known as the hot end. The furnace, which is natural gas or fuel fired, is operated at 1675oC. The molten glass firstly put in a pool before it’s flown into the refiner and forehearth channel, which cool the glass precisely. After that, this molten mixture is put inside a removable mould and blown up, whether by blow and blow or press and blow method. The air which is blown to the molten glass will hardened the glass until tender and stiff. Soon after, high temperatures sulfur or fluorine is injected to the glass which will make it more resistant to alkali extraction. The last part of this process is the cold end. In this process, all glasses are inspected for defects, packaged, and labeled. Before these glasses are packaged and labeled, coloring and polishing are done depends on their market purposes.

Soft Contact Lenses


A soft contact lens is a lens which is usually placed on the eye’s cornea in order to replace the function of glasses or for cosmetic and therapeutic function. The idea of making soft contact lenses was introduced by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1508. But it is not until the year of 1887 these revolutionary lenses could be safely put inside human eyes. Since then, millions of people had tried to use soft contact lenses. Hundreds of researches have been conducted to improve the flexibility and safety of these lenses. In 1999 published a new generation of soft contact lenses with silicone hydrogels with high oxygen permeability which allowed us to use soft contact lenses in more comfortable way. It’s also invented soft contact lenses with variable colors and usage times. So, the invention of this type of lens had help people to enjoy a more comfortable way in using glasses.

Jakarta, My Hometown

My hometown is Jakarta. It’s a city where I was born and lived, before I moved to Bandung to continue my study. I also grew and spent my days as a child on Jakarta.

Jakarta is a very crowded city. Jakarta’s people population according to the latest statistic report is about 10.5 millions. Not only the people, but also the vehicles on Jakarta have a huge number of populations. Moreover, the number of people coming from outside Jakarta is still increasing. It is clear now that Jakarta is getting even more crowded from time to time.

Jakarta is also a much polluted city. The air in Jakarta is much polluted by particles coming from motor vehicles. The vehicles are also the cause of noise pollution in Jakarta. The rivers in Jakarta are so much polluted by thrash and garbage thrown by people. The more vehicles and people Jakarta has, the much more Jakarta is polluted.

Monday, March 17, 2008

Feedback

Dear All,
I will write comments on your work and email them to you tonight.
Thanks for the hard work.
Jati

Wushu

Wushu is a full contact sport derived from some Chine Martial Arts. A good wushu practitioner can be called a goof kung fu practitioner because wushu was derived from kung fu. Nowdays wushu is known as a modern sport and has taken part in many international sport events. Modern Wushu consists of two disciplines, Taolu and Sanda. Taolu is similar to gymnastics and involves martial art patterns and maneuvers. Wushu practitioner are told to do a specific maneuver which is an aggregate of some basic movements (stances, kicks, punches, balances, jumps, sweeps and throws) of the Chinese martial art style. On the other hand, Sanda, or some might call Sanshaou, is a modern fighting method influenced by traditional Chinese boxing and Chinese wrestling methods. The word most famous wushu practitioner is Jet Li. Beside his remarkable career as an actor, he was an original member of Beijing Wushu Team. He also took National Wushu Champion of China title five times. At this present time,the number of people who practice wushu increase. This fact shows that Wushu is globally known by people around the world.

Sunday, March 16, 2008

Piano

According to the online wikipedia, piano is a musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with felt hammers. This means that every note in piano has both the steel string and a hammer. If we touch some keys in piano, the hammers will react and hit the strings, and then rebound quickly to let the strings vibrate on a different fixed frequencies. Then the vibrations are transmitted through a bridge to a soundboard that amplifies them. The sounds produced by a piano may results vary depends on how well the acoustic on a room supported. For example, a room with high ceiling or a concert hall could provide better and lighter sound for acoustic piano than a standard or a short-ceilinged room.

A standard piano usually consists of 52 white keys and 36 black keys, as well as 88 hammers and strings for every 88 keys. This includes 7 octaves plus a minor third, ranged from A0 to c8. Many different kinds of piano has developed since centuries ago, such as Grand Piano and an Upright Piano. Grand Piano often used in a concert and both its hammers and strings are placed horizontally so that this kind requires a spacial room while the Upright one takes smaller space because its strings and hammers are placed vertically. But of course, the placing of hammers and strings affects the quality of sound a piano could produce. Strings and hammers that placed vertically often producing softer and lighter sound than if they are placed vertically. That’s why the grand piano is often used in a concert while the Upright one is used for daily rehearsals.

Jakarta, My Love

Jakarta is my hometown. I was born there, and live there since then. If I have to describe Jakarta in one word, I would choose “lovely”. Many things about Jakarta just keep making me fall in love again and again with it. Everything about Jakarta excites me, whether it is good or bad.

A lot of people live in Jakarta, in fact it is the most crowded city in Indonesia. People who live in Jakarta vary. You can meet people from any race, religion, country, and so on. Jakartans live in diversity. The streets are stuffed with people who are selling things, beggars, workers who rush their way to their offices, students, or maybe just some people who are passing by. The crowd in Jakarta does not consist of only one kind of people, so this is one of the things why Jakarta is so attractive to me.

Indonesia is famous for its spicy delicious foods, but in Jakarta, you can have any kind of foods you want. You can have any kind of Indonesian foods, foods from Sabang to Merauke, all you can get it in Jakarta. Jakarta does not only serve Indonesian foods, but also International foods. Mexican, American, Japanese, Chinese, we have it all in Jakarta. Beside that, Indonesian people are so good with mixing things up, it makes any kind of food tastes better here!

There are still a lot of beautiful things I can tell about Jakarta, like the view, the citylights, the weather and so on. But the main thing is, Jakarta is my hometown because I have the spirit in my blood. I have spent most of my life there, had my best and worst time there, and learnt a lot of things while in it. Jakarta is The Place, and I got most of my memories there, that is why my heart belongs to Jakarta. I love Jakarta, and nothing is going to change that.

Helmet, A Protective Headgear

Helmet is a modified protective headgear. Wikipedia says that “Helmet is a form of protective gear worn on head. “ It is made of many kinds of materials, such as metal, resin, plastic and fiber. Usually, Helmet is used in military, construction, mining and some sports. These kinds of activities have a great possibility that people can have their head injured. Basically, Helmet is design for protection only. But recently, helmets are modified for its necessity. Example for the mining helmet. It has a light on which is used to light the dark mining area. The motorcyclist also have their helmet modified. It has a visor to protect the users’ eyes from wind. Due to advancing technology, helmet is not used only for protecting our head. Modern helmet is now equipped by many stuffs.

Saturday, March 15, 2008

Windows Live Messenger

Acoording to Wikipedia, Windows Live Messenger is an instant messaging client for Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, and Windows Mobile. Millions of people in all over the world have been using this messenger since its first released on December 13th, 2005. This application program is very easy to use for communication. Children, teenagers, adults, and even the old people can use it that makes their life become easier. Windows Live Messenger is not only used for chatting purpose, but it can also use to do some online activities. It provides some features, updated time to time when they release the new version of this messenger, such as sharing folders. By this feature, we can transfer files to another person on our contact list as long as the receiver is online. If we want to call people abroad cheaply, we can use this messenger and even see the person we call directly using the video call facility. Other superiority from this application program is felt by gamers. They can invite friends on their contact list to play online game. For instance, the existence of Windows Live Messenger has influenced many people in the world. It facilitates the ease of communication wherever and whenever we are. In fact, we can also access this by mobile phone. So, it becomes easier for us to keep on contact with family, friends, and other communities.

How Glass is Made

In making glass, the long term and quite difficult processes are required. Glass is made by melting together some minerals at very high temperatures. Sand, as the main ingredients, combine with soda and limestone. They are melted in a furnace at temperatures of 1700o C. After that, the compound become molten form and it is being removed through the pipes which have two branches. One branch is directed to a removable mould to make the bottle glass and the other one is directed to a big temporary container before the molten glass is pressed to make the plate glass. While making the bottle glass, molten glass is placed in a removable mould. Then, the air was blown through the pipe into the glass. We have to blow it to the size and shape determined by the mould. The partly finished bottle, is withdrawn from the mould, then heated to make it solid and hard. The last process of heating is also done in the process of making the plate glass. Finally, we can do some additional processes, like colouring, polishing, drawing, etc, to make different kind of bottle for many purposes.

Jakarta: Fact of a Life

There are some interesting issues you have to know about my hometown, Jakarta. Beside its famous overcrowding, heavy traffic, and income disparity, it is also known well for its society problems that become wider all the time. Jakarta is one of the most populous city in the world. Immigrants came from almost every island in Indonesia, especially from Java.
Like many big cities in developing countries, Jakarta have a big urbanization problem. At the end, the problem become more complex and causes some new problems. Polution, crime, unnecessary settlement, flood, and even the lack of clean water have been major problems in the society. Since those issues are brought up, the local government has been trying to fix those problems and offering some alternative solutions. For example, in transportation, they introduced “three in one” rule during the rush hours in the early of ‘90s. Recently, they have TransJakarta project. The passengers can use the busway network to reach their destination straight to the point or take them to the place where they can find other public transportation. So it is like giving a bait to other transportations which not operate in busy city routes. By this alternative, the traffic jam in some crowd road will be reduced.
The transportation problems can be overcome step by step, nonetheless there are still a bunch of society issues in Jakarta which are never touched. The incredible flood happened last year in almost every part of Jakarta has made a bad image of this capital city in front of the world’s eye. In a week, many crucial things in economic and politic collapsed. It made a lot of people in Jakarta have to be evacuated and sustained a loss. But there is no move from the local government to face the annual flood. This disaster made the poor became poorer than before. Because of their poverty, sometimes they are forced to do crime actions. The number of crimes and harshness in Jakarta also increase time to time. At the end, I just want to say that there are still many issues in Jakarta we have to face and to solve. To make these things become better, we have to give our hands and support the good policy the government offers. So as citizens, we can expect a better life by handling all the problems well.

Thursday, March 13, 2008

MP3 Player (Task 2)

MP3 player is a device that can play music with *.mp3 format file. There are many kinds of music format file but, *.mp3 is the most famous one. It can be played on almost all of portable music player or all kinds of computer software. Nowadays, mp3 player is a common device that everyone has. Because, most of people like music so they buy a MP3 player to pamper their ears. Many companies produce their own MP3 player such as Apple with its iPod, Archos, Samsung, Sony, Cowon, etc. The most famous MP3 player is published by Apple with its iPod. iPod is the best selling MP3 player product. Because it also can play videos, tune in to radio and even can be used as an organizer. Nowadays, the size of an MP3 player become smaller and smaller. You can put it in your pocket or you can clip it on your pocket. Besides that, there are also MP3 player that can be used as a flash disk.

bali


Wednesday, March 12, 2008

Task 2 Definition Paragraph


Karedok

According to Wikipedia, Karedok can be imagined as a raw vegetables salad from Indonesia. In fact,it is one of most favourite food in sundanesse culture. Karedok is many kinds of vegetables such as bean sprouts, cucumber, boiled tauge, cabbages,legumes ,Thai bassils, eggplant which are cut and mixed together.It's also served by kemangi leaves which make our mouth fresh and smells good.It tasted sweet since its sauce made by peanut and javanis sugar blended. It is usually poured by melinjo chips called emping. As a main course, we can eat it together with rice, fried chicken, soya bean cake, and other.Actually, It is affordable for all people. We get a plate full of karedok by only five thousands rupiah. We can order it not only in many sundanesse restaurant but also in street side by "pedagang kaki lima"

Task 3 Process

Glassware Manufacture

Making glass isn't easy as we consider. Traditional methods of it begins with mixing sand (silica) and catalist soda,decreasing the melting piont of silica as raw meterial in right proportion. Next, the mixture is put in the furnace in order to melt it and become molten mixture. Next, the molten mixture is moved along iron pipes. For the next step, we can choose to make either bottle or plate.
For making plate, the process is continued by sending the molten mixture to pool. After that, it is flown to automatic press machine. This incredible machine will pressed it hardly to make a great shape and unique pattern.
Making bottle glass is more complicated than plate.Using their mouth, the glass workers blow air with pipe that make molten glass expanded like a basket ball. Carefull! Placed it in the dyes of desired size and shape before becoming cool.Thus, the glass is formed correctly as we want.
Both of making plate and bottle have the same ending process.the raw glassware must be heated using a conveyor belt. As the result, the glassware becomes solid and hard. In the end, These glassware'll be smoothened. Specifically, their edges are going to be cut through burnishing. Before sent for being sold, polishing, colouring, coating and drawing of various design are optional for beautifying these things.

Task 3 Process

Lake Toba

Every year many tourists come to North Sumatera because it has beautiful scenery and many kind ethnics. The tourists come from other city like Medan, Jakarta, and Bandung even from overseas like Japan, England and United States. One area that they like to visit is Tuk-tuk. In this area live native which most of them are Bataknese. The natives have many cultures like traditional dances, statues and king’s grave and their generations. In their opinion the cultures are sacred. Usually the tourists like to see the cultures. In Tuk-tuk we can see the natives dance their traditional dances. And don’t forget we should pay for this. One thing which is attractive is Sigale-gale. According to the story, this statue can move alone at the same time it dances. But, in fact it moves by human.
Another place that the tourists like to visit is Lake Toba. It’s the biggest lake in Sumatera Island. They like it because it has pure water and there are many kinds of fishes. In edges of the lake, the natives make water reservoirs which content of gold fishes. Usually the tourists like to give them food. The biggest fish can reach 2.5 kg. They can also buy the fishes if they like.
Near Lake Toba there is a waterfall. Its name is Sipiso-piso. By standing here, we can see Lake Toba and in the center of the lake there is Samosir Island. It’s a very amazing island covered by lake. In this place we can find many souvenir shops. We can buy something like T-shirts, bracelets, rings, necklaces and statues for souvenir. These are the reasons why many tourists come to North Sumatera.

[sorry for my lateness]

Lake Toba

Every year many tourists come to North Sumatera because it has beautiful scenery and many kind ethnics. The tourists come from other city like Medan, Jakarta, and Bandung even from overseas like Japan, England and United States. One area that they like to visit is Tuk-tuk. In this area live native which most of them are Bataknese. The natives have many cultures like traditional dances, statues and king’s grave and their generations. In their opinion the cultures are sacred. Usually the tourists like to see the cultures. In Tuk-tuk we can see the natives dance their traditional dances. And don’t forget we should pay for this. One thing which is attractive is Sigale-gale. According to the story, this statue can move alone at the same time it dances. But, in fact it moves by human.
Another place that the tourists like to visit is Lake Toba. It’s the biggest lake in Sumatera Island. They like it because it has pure water and there are many kinds of fishes. In edges of the lake, the natives make water reservoirs which content of gold fishes. Usually the tourists like to give them food. The biggest fish can reach 2.5 kg. They can also buy the fishes if they like.
Near Lake Toba there is a waterfall. Its name is Sipiso-piso. By standing here, we can see Lake Toba and in the center of the lake there is Samosir Island. It’s a very amazing island covered by lake. In this place we can find many souvenir shops. We can buy something like T-shirts, bracelets, rings, necklaces and statues for souvenir. These are the reasons why many tourists come to North Sumatera.

[sorry for my lateness]

Friday, March 7, 2008

Personal Digital Assistant (TASK 2)

As mobile technology has become very common, it is no surprise that personal computing has become a vital learning tool by this time. For somebody who spends most of his time outside and need to keep in touch with computer, PDA is the best way to choose. PDA or Personal Digital Assistant is a handheld computer. In general, the use of PDA is similar to mobile phone (smart phone). But in some other ways, most modern PDAs support internet access and include software which would normally found on an office computer, such as word processing and spreadsheet software.
Some PDAs use internal keyboard as the default setting. But within the touch screen technology, we can easily write or draw something without the keyboard.
The operating systems are specially designed for PDAs, the performance depends on the processor speed and memory, a typical PDA would boast a 300MHz processor and 64MB of ram.
PDA used everywhere by different kind of people. For example, waiters in one restaurant in Bandung use PDA to write down the guest’s order. They don’t need paper anymore and it is easier to make the report for the owner of the restaurant because PDA has data cable to transfer the data significantly. At last, we can conclude that PDA is very practical and easy to use.

Tuesday, March 4, 2008

Jakarta’s Horrifying Environment


Fresh air, green trees, clear blue sky, and other heartwarming views are the scenery that you would rarely find in Jakarta these days. In addition, the flood that happening annually doesn’t make the scenery better either. Trash everywhere, pathological bacteria flying about the environment, and so many other depressing facts of Jakarta’s condition are the matters that I want to share with you. I’m pretty sure you wouldn’t had your breath taken away by what I’m going to write because you may have read article of this theme so many times. So, in order to make it simple, I’ll only write two of the main pollution that you will find easily in Jakarta.

The first part of environment that has been deteriorated gradually is the air. Smoke from the industry and automobile – the non-hybrid one – are the main source of air pollution. Furthermore, the vehicles that should have been banned because of its level of exhaust gas are still wandering in Jakarta’s street, producing more toxic in less time. Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and other poisonous gas molecules are generated to the air and ruining both people and environment. The quality of oxygen, which is our fuel to stay alive, is bad enough to give cancer to human ’s lungs. It may not be instantly. But if people don’t get a change regularly of the air they breath, the risk of that disease would be the final chapter of their life.

Water is the second polluted elements in Jakarta. Even so, the impact to our life can’t be underestimated as well. 60% of our body consists of water – some commercial teach us enough of it –, yet it hasn’t changed the tradition of Jakarta’s people, throw the garbage to the place it considered to be the right one, the river. River with brown color and covered with trash on its surface isn’t exactly the one that will help Jakarta to overcome its flood problem. The material contained in the water is as horrible as its look. Bacterias, hard metals, and other dangerous chemical matters are dissolved in it. Those matters produced not only by household waste but also industrial waste. Even though the water is polluted heavily, people around the river still using it in daily activities, causing them to have diseases such as diarrhea, dermal diseases, malaria, on many others.

Tugas 1 Pandu Kuntoaji/13407021

Main attractions of Cirebon

So many traditional ceremonies are found in Cirebon. For instance, Muludan and Nadran. Looked from the name, Muludan is held every 8 to 12 Maulud. This festival is celebrated in Sunan Gunung Jati's cemetery and its center is in the palace. The main event is cleaning the heirloom of palace which is known as 'Pajang Jimat'. Meanwhile, Nadran looks like sea party. It is held by fishermen almost all along beach. It is kind of of expression of gratitude to God who gives prosperity to them. Beside Muludan and Nadran, there is any other traditional ceremonies. Those events make Cirebon rich of cultures and so attractive.
Not only cultures, but also a lot of special foods can be met in Cirebon. There are Nasi Jamblang, Empal Gentong, Tahu Gejrot and so on. Each of them has its own special character and taste. The most popular one is Nasi Jamblang. It is rice with a various of side dishes, packed by teak leave. Its package makes Nasi Jamblang different and special. It is not difficult to find all kind of those food, because they are available all along street in Cirebon. Beside that, the prices are also achievable, so we do not spend out much money to get brilliant taste. Hence, it is really worthed to visit my hometown, Cirebon.

Sunday, March 2, 2008

Simple Way to Make a 'GLASS' (TASK 3)

Do you know a glass, we usually use as a window, bottle, etc., is made by a very simple steps even in a traditional home industry? The main substances to produce glass is just a combination of sand, soda and limestone. First, we mixed these three materials into a big furnace with temperature controller. Then we turn on the furnace in order to produce a perfect solution of the substances. After that, this solution is separated into two flows depend on the shape of the glass we'll produce later. A plate glass, we usually use as a mirror, window,etc., is made by flowing the mixed solution into a system of rolling pin, used for thin the raw glass, as the temperature decreases. As a result, after the temperature become room temperature or a little bit higher, we'll get a ready-to-use plate glass. Different from the first one, a bottle glass is more complex to be made. We must pour the solution into some removable mould with specific shape we have choosed, and add some air in order to give pressure to compress the glass. If the glass has became cool and hard enough, the mould is then released and the bottle glass can be used.